The main conclusion from these studies is that ...

Desire is defined as improper oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the larynx and lower airways. Aspiration pneumonia develops after aspiration colonized oropharyngeal contents. Aspiration of pathogens from previously colonized oropharynx is the primary means by which bacteria receive entry into the lungs

. true, >> << Haemophilus influenzae and colonization in the first pnevmokokky noso / oropharynx before the atmosphere and causing CAP. However, when the term >> << aspiration pneumonia are used, it refers to the development of pneumonia in patients with risk factors for increased oropharyngeal aspiration >>. Survived << swallow function and cough reflex important protection against oropharyngeal aspiration with disabilities

as increased risk of aspiration pneumonia. Approximately half of all healthy adults aspiration small number of oropharyngeal secretions >> << during sleep. We can assume that low dangerous bacterial load normal pharyngeal secretions, and a strong cough, active tsylyarnoy

transport and normal humoral and cellular immune mechanisms, resulting in clearance of innoculum, without complications. However, if

mechanical, humoral or cellular mechanism worthless, or if atmospheric innoculum is large enough, pneumonia may follow

. Although the etiology of aspiration pneumonia is multifactorial, there is a strong relationship between dysphagia and

development of aspiration pneumonia. investigated risk factors for pneumonia in older residents of long-term care. In this study, multivariate analysis showed >> << that difficulty in swallowing food (odds ratio, 2 0. 95% confidence interval [CI] 1 2 3 3.). And treatment

(odds ratio, 8 3.,. 95%, 1 from 4 to 50) were the most important risk factors that lead to pneumonia. In addition, Vergis and staff

witnesses identified the desire and sedatives (which reduce the cough reflex and swallowing) as the most important risk factors

pneumonia in long-term care facility. Kikuchi and colleagues

indium chloride scanning. Silent aspiration was demonstrated in 71% of patients with community acquired pneumonia compared with 10% in the control group. Intact cough reflex is an important mechanism for respiratory protection. Sekizawa and staff

showed a marked decrease in cough reflex in elderly patients with pneumonia. Nakajoh and colleagues

revealed that more disorder cough reflex, the greater the risk of pneumonia. Ordered and colleagues

rated swallow and cough reflex in elderly controls, patients with dementia but no history of aspiration pneumonia

, and in elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia. Home swallow was determined by measuring the delay >> << period after administration of 1 ml of distilled water in the pharynx through a nasal catheter. Cough threshold

determined using different concentrations of inhaled citric acid. Hidden (on average would be ± SD) time of swallowing was 1. 2 to ± 0. 1 from

in the control group, 5. 2 to ± 0. 6 sec in patients with dementia, and 12. 5 to ± 3. 0 C in patients with aspiration pneumonia. The threshold concentration of citric acid 2. 6 to ± 4. 0 mg / ml in the control group, 37. 1 to ± 16. 7 mg / ml >> << patients with dementia and 360 mg / ml in patients with aspiration pneumonia. It has been suggested that the increased incidence of pneumonia with aging may be the outcome of swallowing

and cough reflex with aging. Researchers studied the effects of aging in swallowing. The main conclusion from these studies is that older people are more slowly swallow. In old age, the beginning of the larynx >> << events and pharynx, larynx, including the closure of the vestibule, the maximum hyolaryngeal tours, and upper esophageal sphincter

opening, it was found significantly more delayed with oral bolus transport time. Although the elderly swallow more

slower than the young people seem to like security oropharyngeal swallowing is not impaired. No significant increase was observed >> << in the frequency of aspiration in radiographic studies that compared over a young age. However, it is likely that an elderly person becomes more susceptible to dysphagia and likely aspirations of

neurological or upper aerodigestive tract than in the young. While the effect of aging swallowing, cough reflex does

can not influence by age. Katsumata and staff

measured cough threshold of citric acid in 110 healthy volunteers from 20 to 78 years of age. These authors show that >> << cough reflex does not decrease with age. These studies show that aging

itself does not increase the risk of aspiration, however, the incidence of cerebrovascular strattera and degenerative neurologic diseases increase with aging

and these disorders are closely related to violation of swallow and cough reflex and risk >> << aspiration (see below). .